ABPL 20033 CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS assignment 代写

 ABPL 20033 CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS assignment 代写


 ABPL 20033 CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS Materials and systems: Steel 4 4 15 August 2017 What we will cover today Material basics ‐ Iron and Steel ‐ Steel manufacturing and properties ‐ Fabrication and connections: cutting, welding and bolting ‐ Steel architecture: from the Industrial revolution to Minimalism (Mies) Construction systems ‐ Residential steel framing ‐ Composite steel‐concrete floors ‐ Secondary steel framing Weekly exam questions (Concrete) Assignment 1 – H1 submissions Weekly exam questions (Concrete) Assignment 1 – H1 submissions Source: vizagsteel.com Steel manufacturing IRON ORE IRON ALLOYS IRON (Fe) WROUGHT IRON: < 0.02% CARBON; 99.9% IRON WITH SLAG INCLUSIONS CAST IRON: 1.8 - 4 % CARBON STEEL: 0.4- 1.7% CARBON, 98-99.5 % IRON + MANGANESE, SULFUR, SILICONE, PHOSPORUS STAINLESS STEEL: STEEL WITH 10-11% CHROMIUM CONTENT CARBON (C) IRON ALLOYS: CARBON CONTENT Carbon content is critical to determine the properties of iron- carbon alloys. Too much carbon makes the alloy hard but very brittle and too little carbon makes the alloy soft and weak. Steel is an alloy with an optimised carbon content between 0.04% and 1.8%. Within this range of carbon content the key physical properties (strength, hardness and ductility) can vary significantly. The carbon content of steel is adjusted depending on the applications required. WROUGHT IRON Wrought iron is the purest form of iron used for construction purposes and contains a very low level of carbon ( about 0.02%). Wrought iron was used in the past as a structural material and for weaponry. Wrought iron is ductile and has a strength comparable to that of mild steel but that it is inferior to that of high-strength steels. Its admirable working properties still make it a viable option for ornamental ironwork Its main limitation is the production process that is too costly and has a very low capacity of production when compared to structural steel. Furthermore wrought iron cannot be welded. CAST IRON Cast iron is produced in a blast furnace by smelting iron ore with coke (coal that has been distilled out from its volatile components) and crushed limestone. Cast iron has a very good fluidity making it ideal for casting of complex industry parts (it has been used for casting cylinder blocks in the automotive industry for a long time). Cast iron is reasonably strong but it is brittle and it has a low melting point which makes it very difficult, almost impossible to weld. Hector Guimard, Entrances of the Paris Metro stations, 1900/1912 METAL PROPERTIES Most construction materials (timber, masonry, concrete and glass) have a tendency to break suddenly once they reach their maximum strength. The fracture point for these materials happen soon after the end of their elastic behaviour and it is anticipated by a brief plastic behaviour. Metals on the other hand deform greatly before breaking and after their elastic phase they enter into a prolonged plastic flow before breaking. In other words they are a lot more ductile. This is one of the great advantages of many metals and in particular of structural steel. STEEL –STRESS/STRAIN DIAGRAM STRESS STRAIN ELASTIC REVERSIBLE DEFORMATION ELASTIC REVERSIBLE DEFORMATION PLASTIC PERMANENT DEFORMATION YIELD STRESS PLASTIC PERMANENT DEFORMATION YIELD STRESS FAILURE MILD STEEL For large scale structural applications iron alloys are preferred when they have these properties: • Weldability (less than 0.5% carbon) • Ductility at service temperature • Low cost to strength ratio • Availability in sections and plates What we generally refer to as mild steels respond to these characteristics. Mild steel alloys have between 0·1 per cent and 0·7 per cent carbon content, little or no slag inclusions and they can be alloyed with or without small amounts of other elements such as silicon and manganese. STEEL DISADVANTAGES • Steel doesn’t provide the dual function of structure + envelope of other materials (masonry, concrete) • Prone to corrosion, it must be protected • Poor performance under fire threat STEEL ADVANTAGES • High strength in compression, tension and shear • Excellent strength/weight ratio • High stiffness: less prone to deflection; • Not prone to creep • Relatively easy to connect • Allows design flexibility: large spans, open planning, high-rise STEELMAKING SOURCE: steeluniversity.com IRONMAKING: THE BLAST FURNACE SOURCE: steeluniversity.com The first step of steel production from raw materials is a process of melting through the blast furnace. The blast furnace heats up at 1,400 C° iron ore with coke (distilled coal) and crushed limestone. During this process the oxygen of the iron ore is separated leaving liquid iron that sinks to the bottom of the furnace. Liquid iron (also known as pig iron) produced by the blast furnace has a carbon content of approximately 4%; pig iron it is still not steel and it is not suitable for building applications. CASTING SOURCE: ssab.com CASTING SOURCE: steel.org HOT ROLLING Source: Allen-Iano, Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods HOT ROLLING SOURCE: steeluniversity.org TUBE ROLLING SOURCE: steeluniversity.org Steel products STEEL SECTIONS UNIVERSAL BEAMS (UB) Source: AS/NZS 3679.1 :2009 UNIVERSAL COLUMNS (UC) Source: AS/NZS 3679.1 :2009 ABPL 90287 / 5 SEP 2012 PARALLEL FLANGE CHANNELS (PFC) Source: AS/NZS 3679.1 :2009 EQUAL ANGLES (EA) Source: AS/NZS 3679.1 :2009 UNEQUAL ANGLES (UA) Source: AS/NZS 3679.1 :2009 COLD-FORMING SOURCE: hebei.com Hot rolled steel profiles are formed at very high temperature, directly out of the continuous process-making of molten steel. Steel can be formed also more economically folding, corrugating and curling hot rolled sheets at room temperature. This process is known as ‘cold-forming’. CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS (CHS) Source: AS/NZS 1163 :2009 SQUARE HOLLOW SECTIONS (SHS) Source: AS/NZS 1163 :2009 RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS (RHS) Source: AS/NZS 1163 :2009 STANDARD COLD FORMED SECTIONS SOURCE: onesteel.com CC (COLD FORMED CHANNEL) F CF (COLD FORMED FLAT) CA (COLD FORMED EQUAL ANGLES) CA (COLD FORMED UNEQUAL ANGLES) FABRICATION Source:  Steel Construction Manual Structural steel fabrication is the process of cutting, shaping and joining manufactured sections (I- beams, channels, angles etc) into new ones. The steel fabrication process goes from the engineering drawings to shop drawings to CNC equipment to fabricate the members, parts and sub-assemblies of the structure. Some of the most important fabrication methods used for buildings are: • Cold Sawing • Oxy Cutting • Hole Drilling, Cutting and Punching • SubmergedArc Welding The fabrication process is an important aspect of steelwork and a designer is required to understand the tools and methods that are available. COLD/BAND SAWING Source: Australian Steel Institute A band saw consists of a continuous blade with a single edge of cutting teeth. The band saw is powered using an electric motor that drives the saw in the vertical plane. By altering the speed of the blade, steel sections of various sizes and properties can be cut. Most modern band sawing lines feature a vertical clamping device to prevent movement of the section during sawing, and are CNC controlled. OXY CUTTING Source: Australian Steel Institute Oxyfuel gas cutting is the most common process used for severing structural steel. Structural steel thickness from 6 to 300mm can be cut using this process. It is limited in application to steels with certain alloys but it does allow to be used for most structural steel grades. This process relies on a cutting torch tip, the function of which is to supply a stream of oxygen gas for cutting and a number of small flames to preheat the steel to cutting temperature. Preheat flames are arranged around the central oxygen stream. These flames are produced by burning the fuel gas mixed with a secondary stream of oxygen. Fuel gases commonly used are acetylene, propane (LPG) and methane (Natural Gas). OXY CUTTING BHP House: multiple cutting of the castellated beams. In E.A. Watts,, BHP.  BHP House: Fabrication HOLE PUNCHING Source: Australian Steel Institute Holes can be cut in steel by drilling or by cutting with an oxy flame. Another method to fabricate holes of a small size is by hole punching. Punching is a process that is used to produce circular, rectangular or complex shaped holes. The ability to punch a material is dependent on the capacity of the equipment and the material. Thickness, strength and brittleness are the material characteristics that limit the application and these processes cannot cut high strength or brittle materials. Most structural steels, including the structural quenched and tempered grades up to 25mm thickness can be punched. LASER CUTTING A more recent fabrication method that finds increased use in architectural applications is laser cutting. Laser cutting works by directing and concentrating a high-power laser beam towards the surface of a material. The cutting process is computer controlled. Laser cutting is a more accurate cutting than other heat generated cutting methods and it is faster than traditional tool making fabrication. Laser Cutting can cut up to 3000mm by 1500mm from sheet material and trough mild steel thicknesses of up to 16mm. The advantages of Laser Cutting are: • Faster fabrication • Pattern design and variation available • Accuracy • Clean square edges • Reduced wastage Source: www.westermans.com Source: www.cutout.com.au WELDING Source: Australian Steel Institute,  Student Lecture: Welding . 2009 Welding is a fabrication method that connects metals by coalescence, or in other words by melting two pieces and by adding a filler material in the joint. Welding is used in steel construction for: • Fabrication of members and components • Attachment of components to members (stiffeners, plates) • Splicing and joining of structural elements • Fabrication of sub-assemblies for later erection on site. There are two weld types that are commonly used in the fabrication and the erection of steel: fillet welds and butt welds. FILLET WELDS (FW) Source: Australian Steel Institute,  Student Lecture: Welding . 2009 A fillet weld has an approximately triangular weld pool and joins two workpieces that are not in the same plane and that form a tee, a lap or a corner joint. Fillet welds have these features: • They are economical (at least up to 12 – 16mm leg size) • They require minimum edge preparation • They have poorer load capacity than butt welds • Up 8mm FW can be done in a single pass BUTT WELDS (BW) Source: Australian Steel Institute,  Student Lecture: Welding . 2009 A butt weld is a weld between two coplanar workpieces so as to give continuity of section. Butt welds have these features: • The capacity of the weld is limited by the capacity of the plate • Plates must be prepared before welding • They have stronger load capacity than fillet welds • Preparation on plate edges determines weld geometry and weld material volumes. WELDING: ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS Source: Australian Steel Institute,  Student Lecture: Welding . 2009 Welding is costly. The detailing of welded connections in steel should consider economy by seeking simplicity, minimum weld volumes, accessibility and tolerances for erection. Manual Arc Welding (MAW) is rarely used these days. CNC welding is a more productive and a higher quality welding process that is used more frequently for contemporary steel fabrication. Welding equipment is large and cumbersome and it is difficult to handle on site. It is preferable to weld in the shop and bolt on site whenever possible.     MAW CNC MAW CNC  SITE WELDING SUBMERGED ARC WELDING Source: Australian Steel Institute At larger section sizes, it becomes un-economical to hot roll steel hence the larger beams are normally made by welding plates together. The method used for the production of standard Welded Beams (WB) or Columns (WC) is the submerged arc welding (SAW). This process is so called because the arc is submerged under a layer of granular flux, delivered from a hopper. The arc is struck between a continuous wire electrode and the workpiece. The SAW process is continuous and highly automated and doesn’t rely on manual welding. At the end of the welding phase the welded members are passed through a straightening machine to ensure size consistency. The process is generally only suitable for material over 6mm thick, although there are special procedures for thinner material by using high travel speeds. SUBMERGED ARC WELDING Source: Allen-Iano, Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods WELDED BEAMS (WB) Source: AS/NZS 3679.2:2010 WELDED COLUMNS (WC) Source: AS/NZS 3679.2:2010 Fabrication and connections: Bolting BOLTED CONNECTIONS Source: Australian Steel Institute, Bolting can be a very economical and efficient way to connect structural steel members. Bolts can assist to create rigid or flexible connection, by clamping two members together or by fixing the end of one member to a shop welded cleat of another. Bolts normally only account for only 1-2% of the steel cost in a project but they are a critical item that holds the structure together. It is therefore important that quality assurance is obtained by bolt suppliers and that designers and builders specify and use only high quality bolts. BOLTED CONNECTIONS Source: Steel Construction Manual Normally bolts are used to clamp steel to steel connections with the result that the connected parts react by putting under tensional stress the bolt shaft. It is usually this strength to resist tensional stress that is associated with the structural capacity of bolts wether as Yield or Tensional Strength. However not all bolted connections are subject to tensile loads. In many applications the loads can be perpendicular to the fastener causing it to be under shear stress. Clamped connections between two members may not be sufficient in these situations. Connections with two plates on each side of the connecting member can be more efficient to resit shear. BOLT TIGHTENING METHODS There are two types of tightening methods contemplated by theAustralian Standards: Snug Tightening: bolts are tensioned sufficiently to bring into intimate positive contact the mating surfaces of the bolted parts. Snug Tightening allows slippage of the mating surfaces (dowel action). Full Tensioning: bolts are tensioned to their full extent. They connect by prestressing the mating surfaces in a connection that relies on friction. Full tensioning can rely completely on friction (non-slip joint) or allow some slippage combining friction and dowel action. DOWEL ACTION (SNUG TIGHTENING) FRICTION (FULL TENSIONING) Source: B.E. Gorenc, A.Syam, R. Tinyou,  Steel Designers Handbook,  Australian Steel Institute, COMMERCIAL BOLTS, GRADE 4.6 Commercial Bolts, Grade 4.6 are made of mild steel and manufactured according toAS 1111. They have a tensile strength of 400 MPa and a yield strength 240 MPa. Commercial Bolts have no special identifying marks. (Note: hexagonal head in the picture shows M for metric and manufacturer’s symbol). Source: Australian Steel Institute,  Student Lecture: Bolting . 2009 HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS, GRADE 8.8 High-strength structural bolts are made of high-strength steel and they are manufactured toAS 1252. They have tensile strength of 800 MPa and yield strength 640 MPa. High-strength bolts must have special identifying marks: three raised radial lines on the head and broken circular indentation on the nut. (Note: hexagonal head in the picture shows M for metric and A for manufacturer’s initial). High-strength bolts have a larger head than commercial bolts for the same size of bolt. GRADE 4.6 vs GRADE 8.8 Commercial Bolts can be tightened only with the snug tight method. Joint slippage is not a problem with commercial bolts and they are suitable for secondary framing applications like purlins. High-strength bolts can be tightened with the snug tight method and by full tensioning. Joint slippage can be a problem with high- strength bolts and they should not be used for secondary framing applications like purlins. High-strength bolts can be used for their very high shear capacity and to clamp structural steel for rigid connections. Source: Allen-Iano, Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods FLEXIBLE vs RIGID CONNECTIONS Source: Australian Steel Institute, Economical Structural Steelwork, TWO-WAY RIGID ONE-WAY RIGID TWO-WAY BRACED (FLEXIBLE) TWO-WAY RIGID ONE-WAY RIGID TWO-WAY BRACED (FLEXIBLE) Source: Australian Steel Institute, Economical Structural Steelwork Flexible Connections are also known as simple joints or pinned connections and have these features: • Simple to fabricate • Easier to connect with bolts and plates • Simple to erect • Have greater working tolerances • Less costly than rigid connections Flexible connections cannot resist lateral loading. Their stability is provided by bracing. CONNECTION TYPES: FLEXIBLE Source: Australian Steel Institute, Economical Structural Steelwork, Rigid Connections are also known as fixed joints or encastre connections and have these features: • Complex to fabricate • Difficult if site connections are required • Have welded connections that are more expensive and require specialist trade skills and surface preparation and protection • Better made in workshops Frames connected by rigid joints can to a certain degree provide lateral stiffness by themselves without requiring bracing. CONNECTION TYPES: RIGID DETAILING BOLTS The design of bolted connections must be done considering the actual size of the bolts to avoid situations where insufficient clearance or interference may compromise the joint. For this reason, whenever known, it is better to draw the actual bolt size rather than simply the centrelines of the shaft. Care must be taken that long ‘stick-through’ bolts are not specified where instead ‘thread-in’ bolts could or should have been used. Finally engineers should take care not to specify bolts of the same size in different grades for the same job as this is likely to lead to human error on site. Source: Australian Steel Institute,  Student Lecture: Bolting . 2009 CONCRETE/MASONRY ANCHORS Source: Ramset EXPANSION CHEMICAL SETTING SCREW-IN CONCRETE/MASONRY ANCHORS Source: Ramset EXPANSION CHEMICAL SETTING EXPANSION CHEMICAL SETTING SCREW-IN STUD-WELDING Source:  Architectural Record,  vol. 104, n. 4 STUD-WELDING Source:  Architectural Record,  vol. 104, n. 4 1 2 3 4 5 How stud-welding works: 1) Gun with threaded rod (stud) inside is pressed against steel surface 2) Trigger pulls stud slightly away from steel surface 3) Base of stud and surface of steel are melted by electric arc welding 4) At the end of welding period (set by a timer) the stud is pushed into the molten surface 5) The gun is removed, the surface of steel has a threaded rod attached to it which can be used for bolted connections with other elements. BACK IN 10 MINUTES Where would design be without coffee breaks? Construction systems: Residential steel framing FRAMING SYSTEMS: STUDS, TRUSSES STEEL STUD WALLS Source: Rond Maxi Frame STEEL STUD WALLS: JAMBS Source: Rond Maxi Frame OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS Advantages of Open Steel Joist: • Termite resistant • Excellent corrosion resistance, suitable for coastal regions • Lightweight open web construction for ease of installation • No shrinking, wrapping or twisting under load, resulting in a quieter and longer lasting floor system • Pre-cut lengths minimising wastage and saving time and on site labour • Reduces the need for retaining walls, and cut and fill on sloping blocks • Design flexibility to meet individual requirements OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS: GROUND FLOORS OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS: GROUND FLOORS OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS: UPPER FLOORS OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS: UPPER FLOORS OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS: ROOFS Construction systems: Composite steel‐concrete floors COMPOSITE FLOORS Source: Australian Steel Institute, Economical Structural Steelwork,  2009 Steel-concrete composite floors combine the benefits of steel construction (speed of erection, efficient size/span ratios, etc.) with the benefits of concrete (acoustic insulation, fire proofing). In this system corrugated steel sheeting is used as a permanent form work system for a concrete slab. The steel sheeting, once concrete has cured, becomes integral with the concrete slab and it participates to the structural resistance of the floor. The slab and the supporting structure below may have to be connected also to resist shear stress. To this end plug- welded studs (shear connectors) are normally used. SHEAR CONNECTOR COMPOSITE FLOORS: PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS Source: ABPL30041  Construction Design,  2013 COMPOSITE FLOORS: PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS Source: ABPL30041  Construction Design,  2013 COMPOSITE FLOORS: BONDEK Source: Lysaght Bondek, Construction Manual COMPOSITE FLOORS: CORNERS AND EDGES Source: Lysaght Bondek, Construction Manual Photos: JWA Architects Construction systems: Secondary steel framing McBRIDE CHARLES RYAN, MONACO HOUSE, MELBOURNE, 2008 PURLINS AND GIRTS Source: Australian Steel Institute, Economical Structural Steelwork,  2009 CEE ZED CEE ZED In Australia roof purlins and wall girts for commercial and industrial applications are generally made with cold formed galvanised Zed or Cee sections. These members are available in depths ranging from 100mm to 350mm in 50mm increments. GIRTS Source: Newman A.  Metal Building Systems,  1997 FLUSH GIRTS BYPASS GIRTS GIRTS: CORNERS Source: Newman A.  Metal Building Systems,  1997 BYPASS SEMI-FLUSH FLUSH BYPASS SEMI-FLUSH FLUSH ROOF PURLINS Source: Australian Steel Institute, Economical Structural Steelwork,  2009 FLY-BRACING (TO RESIT WIND UPLIFT) FLY-BRACING (TO RESIT WIND UPLIFT) McBride Charles Ryan, Monaco House, Melbourne, 2008 McBride Charles Ryan, Monaco House, Melbourne, 2008 Weekly exam questions ‐ concrete ABPL 20033 CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS Download the *.docxfile Enter your Name, Surname, student ID, email address Erase the provided instructions before writing your exam question Download the *.docxfile Enter your Name, Surname, student ID, email address Erase the provided instructions before writing your exam question Save this file as your own template, and reuse it weekly Avoid hand writing! Save this file as your own template, and reuse it weekly Avoid hand writing! Do not use more than one page! Make sure you are asking for one answer only, or a precise number of answers Specify where the answer can be found Make sure you are asking for one answer only, or a precise number of answers Specify where the answer can be found • List  THREE advantages of… • ONE of the following statements is false… • Answer in lecture slide 15 What is “concrete cover”? Name the equipment used to level and finish the concrete slab in the pictures Name the equipment used to level and finish the concrete slab in the pictures Describe Joseph Monier’s contribute to the development of modern concrete. Describe Francois Hennebique’s contribute to the development of modern concrete. Describe Joseph Monier’s contribute to the development of modern concrete. Describe Francois Hennebique’s contribute to the development of modern concrete. Fill‐in‐the‐gaps question Explain how aggregates can affect the following four characteristics of a concrete mix (strength, workability, cost, visual aspect) Explain how aggregates can affect the following four characteristics of a concrete mix (strength, workability, cost, visual aspect) Describe the function of the following five concrete admixtures. Describe the function of the following five concrete admixtures. Five factors that affect the strength and durability  of concrete Identify two compaction methods and describe the benefits of concrete compaction Identify two compaction methods and describe the benefits of concrete compaction Provide a definition of concrete workability. Explain how it can be affected by the water/cement ratio and grade/shape of the aggregates Provide a definition of concrete workability. Explain how it can be affected by the water/cement ratio and grade/shape of the aggregates What are the consequences of a low water/cement ratio (0.5)? What are the consequences of a low water/cement ratio (0.5)? Discuss the complex relationship between water and cement. What’s the purpose of a slump test? When and where is it generally performed? Comment on the slump test result of the concrete mix in the picture What’s the purpose of a slump test? When and where is it generally performed? Comment on the slump test result of the concrete mix in the picture What’s opus caementicium? Describe its composition and use. What’s opus caementicium? Describe its composition and use. What’s the difference between Roman concrete and the contemporary Portland concrete? Describe how the design/construction of the Pantheon was optimised. What’s the difference between Roman concrete and the contemporary Portland concrete? Describe how the design/construction of the Pantheon was optimised. What are the benefits of using fly ash, slag and amorphous silica in a concrete mix? What are the benefits of using fly ash, slag and amorphous silica in a concrete mix? What’s the role of aggregates in a concrete mix? Elaborate on the importance of shape

 ABPL 20033 CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS assignment 代写 and size of the aggregates What’s the role of aggregates in a concrete mix? Elaborate on the importance of shape and size of the aggregates Multiple‐choice version What is concrete curing? Name and describe three concrete curing methods? Label the x axis of the graph with the three different concrete stages. Label the graph curves with the four properties of a concrete mix. Label the x axis of the graph with the three different concrete stages. Label the graph curves with the four properties of a concrete mix. ABPL 20033 CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS Next week: Materials and systems: Masonry  ABPL 20033 CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS assignment 代写