澳洲经济论文代写:矿产资源税收管制

澳洲经济论文代写:矿产资源税收管制

澳大利亚的矿产资源是这个国家的重要组成部分。在矿产商品生产方面，澳大利亚与世界其他国家相比具有显著的比较优势。因此，矿产生产行业及其效益的表现吸引了澳大利亚政府和公众的目光。2012的7月1日，政府开始收取的矿产资源租赁税（MRRT）从铁矿石和煤炭开采公司。根据新规定，生产铁矿石的公司如果年利润在7500万美元或以上，就要缴纳30%的利润税。这个名字，税率是30%，实质上是考虑到税收返还和其他受益政策的实际税率22.5%。这样，政府预计在第一年实施税收将增加20亿美元。（爱尔兰，2013）但是，直到2013年2月，矿业税在上半年才达到1亿2600万美元，这意味着政府不可能实现税收目标。本文旨在回答这一规定的生效及其对矿业税收增长的影响。在第一部分，本文将介绍采矿业的市场结构，主要的铁矿石生产商，在澳大利亚的传统理论下的产业行为和政府干预的必要性。第二部分讨论了影响矿业绩效的一些因素。最后，对这一新规定的税收机制进行了解释，并根据上述讨论说明了税收收入未能达到目标的原因。总之，虽然新的税收政策确实包含了政府的善意，但在市场上强加补救力量是不够有效的。   本文论述了澳大利亚政府出台的新的税收管制，这一规定的预期效果以及目标未能实现的原因。得出的结论是，在目前的实际情况下，澳大利亚政府无法从新的法规中产生大量的税收收入。铁矿石生产是寡头垄断的市场结构。在这种产业结构中，生产资源由少数企业控制，是潜在竞争者进入的高壁垒。因此，控制企业能够实现自身利润最大化。然而，它给整个社会带来了负外部性，以支付铁矿石生产的社会成本。为了减少外部性，提高澳大利亚政府的税收收入，这是这次出台的新规定的主要目标。直接税增加了企业的遵约成本，减少了采矿产品的数量和增加了采矿产品的价格。虽然澳大利亚政府旨在实现20亿美元的税收收入，但他们实际只收了1亿2600万美元。现实中存在三个影响因素，难以实现目标所得税收入。最重要的制约因素是采矿产品价格的下降，其次是经营成本的增加和整个行业的悲观态度。

澳洲经济论文代写:矿产资源税收管制

Australia’s mineral resources are a vital part of this nation’s endowment. In terms of mineral commodity production, Australia has a significant comparative advantage over other countries around the world. Therefore, the mineral production industry and the effectiveness of its performance have attracted the eyes of both Australian government and the public. On July 1st 2012, the government started to charge the Minerals Resource Rent Tax (MRRT) from the mining companies of iron ore and coal. As stated on the new regulation, companies producing iron ore are to pay the tax of 30% on profits if their annual profits are $75 million or above. The name, the tax rate is 30%; in essence, the real tax rate is 22.5% in consideration of tax return and other benefiting policies. In this way, the government expected that the tax revenue would increase by $2 billion during the first year of implementation. (Ireland, 2013) However, until February 2013, the mining tax has only made $126 million in the first half year, which means that it is impossible for the government to achieve the tax revenue target. In this essay, we aim to answer why this regulation is brought into force and what affect the increase of the mining tax revenue. In the first part, the essay will introduce the market structure of the mining industry, mainly the iron ore producers, in Australia under the S-C-P theory and the necessity of government interference in the industrial behaviour. In the second part, some influencing factors that may affect the performance of the mining industry are discussed. In the final part, the tax mechanism of this new regulation is explained, and the reasons why tax revenue fails to reach the target will be shown according to above discussion. In conclusion, though the new tax policy does contain government’s good will, it is not effective enough to impose remedial power over the market.   This essay discussed the new tax regulation introduced by the Australia government, the expected effects of this regulation and the reasons why the target is not accomplished. The conclusion is drawn that under the current real situation the Australian government is unable to generate large tax income out of the new regulation. The industry of iron ore production is an oligopoly market structure. In this industrial structure, the resource of production is controlled by a few firms and is a high barrier of entry to potential competitors. Therefore, the controlling firms are able to maximize their own profit. However, it leads to negative externalities to the entire society to pay for the social cost of iron ore production. To reduce the externality and raise the tax income for Australian government is the main target of the new regulation introduced this time. A direct tax increases additional compliance cost on the business, decreasing the quantity and increasing the price of mining products in the industry. Though Australian government aimed to achieve $2 billion tax income, they only collected $126 million in reality. There are three influencing factors which made it impossible to achieve the aimed tax income in reality. The most vital constraint is the decreasing price of mining products, followed by the increasing operation cost and the pessimistic attitude in the whole industry.